London, like most large cities, experiences an average temperature that is higher than it’s surrounding suburbs and countryside (4-6°C higher). This increase in temperature is due to the urban heat [...]

There are a lot of potential constraints when it comes to constructing a wind farm, including shadow flicker, telecoms, and aviation safeguarding and radar limitations. As well as lengthy planning [...]

Cranes used for construction will likely reach elevations above the final height of a building development, thereby posing a greater risk than the building itself. In principle, safeguarding concerns for [...]

The expansion of cities worldwide has meant that many of these settlements are encroaching on the land around their respective airports. This urban sprawl must be carefully considered by those [...]

As the United Kingdom works toward its Net Zero 2050 goals, the need for solar photovoltaic (PV) infrastructure has expanded beyond rural fields and industrial rooftops to the “built environment.” [...]

Rotating wind turbine blades can cause brightness levels to vary periodically at locations where they obstruct the Sun’s rays. This can result in a nuisance when the shadow is cast [...]

Glint and glare is an important planning consideration when reflections from developments could potentially impact the surrounding environment. However, it can be challenging to determine whether glint and glare should [...]

Overview The following article presents an overview of the guidance surrounding Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) for aerodromes in the UK and worldwide. The most common surface types will be listed, [...]

What is an Instrument Flight Procedure? An Instrument Flight Procedure (IFP) is a set of instructions regarding navigation around aerodromes. There are two basic types, one using precision instruments and [...]