Radar Interference

In this article we consider forms of radar interference; causes; mitigation options and management for various types of radar.

Radar Interference Principles

Radars transmit and receive radio signals – analysing the received signal to determine the position of targets of interest – such as aircraft. Other physical entities can block and reflect the radar’s signals causing a reduction in the radar’s performance.

Radar Types

The following types of radar can be affected by radar interference:

• Air Traffic Control Radar
• Surveillance Radar
• En-Route Radar
• Air Defence Radar
• Military Radar
• Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)
• Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
• Meteorological Radar
• Marine Radar
• Precision Approach Radar

Causes of Radar Interference

Radar Interference can be caused by:

• Birds
• Insects
• Weather
• Waves
• Terrain
• Buildings
• Large structures and infrastructure
• Road Traffic
• Rail Traffic
• Shipping
• Cranes
• Wind Turbines

Radar Interference Types

Radar interference is caused by physical objects blocking and/or reflecting radar signals which results in the following forms of interference:

• False returns
• Clutter
• Desensitization
• Processor Overload
• Reflections
• Shadowing

Radar Interference – Buildings

Planned buildings can be objected to due to potential radar interference. This occurs typically when buildings are large and/or close to radar installations. Concerns typically relate to shadowing and reflections – often with Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR).

Reflections from a building can potentially result in genuine aircraft returns being plotted in the wrong place as a result of the building reflecting signals in a specular (mirror-like) way. Tall buildings can also prevent detection of low flying aircraft in their shadow.

These potential effects can often be mitigated by reconfiguring the radar.

Radar Interference – Wind Turbines

Planned wind turbines are often objected to due to potential radar interference. Most radar types can be affected – with objections being most common due to Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and meteorological radar.

Wind turbines are a particular issue because of their height and because the blade tips move at high speed (>100 km/h) meaning that they defeat systems that suppress detection of static objects.

Effects of wind turbines may be mitigated by optimising siting, modifying wind turbine design or modifying radar systems. Common mitigation solutions include radar blanking for smaller developments and radar in-fill solutions using an alternate unaffected radar.

Assessing Radar Interference

Radar Impact Assessments typically involve:

• Identifying the radar and the potential interference source
• Determining whether the interference source is in radar line of sight
• Determining the likely technical impact on the radar
• Determining the resulting operational impact
• Identifying mitigation solutions – if required